citefind: a note that cites three works is three references

Measured against the citations an LLM had already extracted from 40 books of
the same corpus — 19,340 of them over 3,424 chunks — and improved where the
comparison showed a real gap rather than a difference of task.

On pages of notes, where most citations live: year agreement with the model
44% -> 56%, title 18% -> 23%, author 16% -> 24%.

What changed:

- A note listing several works, semicolon-separated, becomes one record per
  work. The note number is kept on all of them.
- A full stop is not a separator. It parts the author from the title in every
  bibliography entry there is.
- A page of body text with notes at its foot no longer reads the body as the
  first note.
- A run carrying a page reference or a semicolon is not reported as a title.
- Six sentences with no imprint, no page and no identifier is a remark about
  the argument, not a reference.
- A translator standing where the journal goes is a credit, not a container,
  and `(London, 1973)` is a place, not a publisher.

The model is not ground truth and the comparison is not a score: on several
sampled disagreements it named the journal where the article was wanted, or
the collected works instead of the essay.

crates/citefind/README.md

@@ -145,7 +145,17 @@ two references together.
 
 A note that cites nothing is dropped. A page of notes mixes bibliographic
 notes with discursive ones, and a remark about the argument is not a
-reference.
+reference — and one that runs on for six sentences with no imprint, no page
+reference and no identifier is a remark whatever else it mentions.
+
+A note that cites **several works** becomes several records, cut at the
+semicolons that separate them, each keeping the note's number. A full stop
+separates works in a note too, and is not used: it also separates the author
+from the title in every bibliography entry ever written.
+
+Where the first note number sits a long way into the block, what precedes it
+is the body of the page rather than a note that lost its number, and it is
+left out.
 
 **A bibliography** numbers nothing, so the signal is layout: a blank line
 between entries, a hanging indent under each, or the surname-comma opening
@@ -163,7 +173,13 @@ entirely — there is nothing in it to ask about.
 
 **Report a title it did not find.** An entry held together by commas alone,
 with no names to anchor it, yields no title rather than its own text echoed
-back.
+back. Nor does a run carrying a page reference or a semicolon count as one:
+that is two entries run together, or a reference to a work rather than the
+name of one.
+
+**Name a place of publication as the publisher.** `(London, 1973)` says where
+a book was published and not by whom, so `container` stays empty. The place
+is still in `text`.
 
 A rule of dashes where the author should be is the exception, and a
 deliberate one: `———. *The Second Book*.` means the author of the entry above,

crates/citefind/src/parse.rs

@@ -108,6 +108,33 @@ static ROLE: LazyLock<Regex> = LazyLock::new(|| {
         .expect("a valid pattern")
 });
 
+/// What a title never is: an opening that is a page or a volume number, or a
+/// run that carries a page reference or a semicolon — both of which mean two
+/// entries were run together, or that this was never an entry at all.
+static NOT_A_TITLE: LazyLock<Regex> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    Regex::new(r"(?i)^[\d\p{Pd}]|\bpp?\.\s*\d|;|\bvol\.\s*\d|\bibid\b").expect("a valid pattern")
+});
+
+/// A page reference or a bracketed imprint: what a citation has and a remark
+/// about the argument does not.
+static CITATION_ANCHOR: LazyLock<Regex> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    Regex::new(r"(?i)\bpp?\.\s*\d|\bvol\.\s*\d|\bno\.\s*\d").expect("a valid pattern")
+});
+
+/// How many sentences a reference runs to before it is prose.
+///
+/// A full entry in the heaviest style — names, title, an edited volume, an
+/// imprint, pages — is five. A discursive endnote runs on past that, and the
+/// three it is checked against are the signals a citation carries anyway.
+const MAX_SENTENCES: usize = 5;
+
+/// A credit standing where the container would be: `trans. E. B. Ashton`,
+/// `edited by Mary Douglas`. A role is not a journal and not a publisher.
+static ROLE_CREDIT: LazyLock<Regex> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    Regex::new(r"(?i)^(?:trans(?:lated)?|ed(?:ited)?|eds|comp(?:iled)?|rev(?:ised)?|intro(?:duction)?|with)\b\.?(?:\s+by\b)?")
+        .expect("a valid pattern")
+});
+
 /// A run of text that is nothing but an identifier.
 static IDENTIFIER_ONLY: LazyLock<Regex> = LazyLock::new(|| {
     Regex::new(r"(?i)^(?:arxiv:|doi:|https?://|isbn|issn|\b10\.\d{4})\S*\.?$")
@@ -176,6 +203,16 @@ pub fn one(text: &str, marker: Option<&str>) -> Option<Reference> {
     if !CITATION_SIGNAL.is_match(text) {
         return None;
     }
+    // A note that runs on for six sentences with no imprint, no page
+    // reference and no identifier is a remark about the argument. The LLM
+    // path this replaces was told to skip those; a parser has to decide.
+    if sentences(text).len() > MAX_SENTENCES
+        && !IMPRINT.is_match(text)
+        && !CITATION_ANCHOR.is_match(text)
+        && ids(text).is_empty()
+    {
+        return None;
+    }
 
     out.ids = ids(text);
     out.year = year(text);
@@ -238,6 +275,12 @@ pub fn one(text: &str, marker: Option<&str>) -> Option<Reference> {
         out.title = found_title;
         out.container = found_container;
     }
+    // A title the reading refused comes back empty rather than absent,
+    // because the refusal happens where the trimming does. An empty title is
+    // an absent one, and `unsettled` should say so.
+    if out.title.as_deref().is_some_and(str::is_empty) {
+        out.title = None;
+    }
     out.kind = kind(text, &out);
 
     Some(out)
@@ -467,8 +510,14 @@ fn looks_like_a_year(text: &str) -> bool {
 /// Strip the punctuation a style leaves inside its own title delimiters.
 fn tidy_title(raw: &str) -> String {
     let text = raw.split_whitespace().collect::<Vec<_>>().join(" ");
-    text.trim_matches(|c: char| ",.;:".contains(c) || c.is_whitespace())
-        .to_string()
+    let text = text.trim_matches(|c: char| ",.;:".contains(c) || c.is_whitespace());
+    // A run that opens on a page number, or carries one, is two entries run
+    // together or a reference to a work rather than the name of one. Better
+    // to have no title and say so than to report that as one.
+    match NOT_A_TITLE.is_match(text) {
+        true => String::new(),
+        false => text.to_string(),
+    }
 }
 
 /// Who wrote it, from the run of text before the title.
@@ -575,7 +624,7 @@ fn is_name(text: &str) -> bool {
 }
 
 /// What the work appeared in: a journal, or a book's publisher.
-fn container(_whole: &str, after: &str) -> Option<String> {
+fn container(whole: &str, after: &str) -> Option<String> {
     // A book names its publisher in an imprint after the title, whether
     // bracketed or not. Only after the title: a title with a colon in it —
     // and half of them have one — would otherwise read as an imprint.
@@ -584,14 +633,42 @@ fn container(_whole: &str, after: &str) -> Option<String> {
             return Some(publisher);
         }
     }
-    // A journal sits between the title and the volume.
+    // A journal sits between the title and the volume, but a credit can sit
+    // in front of it — `*Negative Dialectics*, trans. E. B. Ashton` — and a
+    // translator is neither a journal nor a publisher.
     let tail = after.trim_start_matches(|c: char| ",.;:\"”'’ ".contains(c));
+    let tail = match ROLE_CREDIT.find(tail) {
+        Some(found) => match tail[found.end()..].find([',', ';', '(']) {
+            Some(at) => tail[found.end() + at + 1..].trim_start(),
+            None => "",
+        },
+        None => tail,
+    };
     let end = VOLUME
         .find(tail)
         .map(|found| found.start())
         .or_else(|| tail.find(['(', '.', ';']))
         .unwrap_or(tail.len());
-    tidy_container(&tail[..end])
+    let found = tidy_container(&tail[..end])?;
+    // `(London, 1973)` names a place and a year and no publisher. Reporting
+    // the place as the publisher would be a plausible wrong answer, and the
+    // place is still there in `text` for anyone who wants it.
+    match is_place_of_publication(whole, &found) {
+        true => None,
+        false => Some(found),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Whether a candidate is the place a book was published rather than its
+/// publisher: it sits inside brackets with the year and nothing else.
+fn is_place_of_publication(whole: &str, found: &str) -> bool {
+    let needle = format!("({found}, ");
+    let Some(at) = whole.find(&needle) else {
+        return false;
+    };
+    let rest = &whole[at + needle.len()..];
+    let year: String = rest.chars().take_while(char::is_ascii_digit).collect();
+    year.len() == 4 && rest[year.len()..].starts_with(')')
 }
 
 /// Reduce a run of text to the name of the thing a work appeared in.
@@ -1006,6 +1083,39 @@ mod tests {
         assert_eq!(found.pages.as_deref(), Some("102"));
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_translator_is_not_the_journal_it_stands_in_front_of() {
+        let found = read(
+            "Theodor W. Adorno, *Negative Dialectics*, trans. E. B. Ashton (London, 1973), 365.",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(found.title.as_deref(), Some("Negative Dialectics"));
+        // `(London, 1973)` names a place and a year and no publisher at all.
+        assert_eq!(found.container, None);
+        assert_eq!(found.pages.as_deref(), Some("365"));
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_remark_about_the_argument_is_not_a_reference() {
+        let found = one(
+            "Attention is a limited resource. Many psychologists have remarked \
+             on this. It follows that what a person attends to is what they \
+             come to know. The point is developed at length below. I am \
+             grateful to the seminar for pressing me on it.",
+            None,
+        );
+        assert!(found.is_none(), "{found:#?}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn a_page_reference_is_not_a_title() {
+        // Two notes run together, or a note that names no work at all.
+        let found = read(
+            "See Hefele-Leclerq (1909), 72-7, though Diekamp (1899) should have concluded the debate.",
+        );
+        assert_eq!(found.title, None, "{found:#?}");
+        assert!(found.missing().contains(&"title"));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn sentences_do_not_stop_at_an_initial_or_an_abbreviation() {
         assert_eq!(

crates/citefind/src/split.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,13 @@ pub struct Entry {
     pub marker: Option<String>,
 }
 
+/// How far into a block the first note number may sit before what precedes
+/// it is read as something other than a note.
+///
+/// About the length of one full reference. Past that it is the body of the
+/// page, sitting above the notes at its foot.
+const HEAD_LIMIT: usize = 400;
+
 /// At least this many numbered notes before the numbering is believed.
 ///
 /// Two: one is a stray list item, and a real page of notes has more.
@@ -80,10 +87,64 @@ static ID_MARKER: LazyLock<Regex> =
 /// Cut a block into entries.
 pub fn entries(text: &str) -> Vec<Entry> {
     let numbered = numbered_notes(text);
-    if numbered.len() >= MIN_NOTES {
-        return numbered;
+    let cut = match numbered.len() >= MIN_NOTES {
+        true => numbered,
+        false => unnumbered(text),
+    };
+    cut.into_iter().flat_map(divide).collect()
+}
+
+/// The least an entry can be and still be one, on either side of a split.
+const MIN_WORK: usize = 25;
+
+/// Where another citation begins inside one entry: a semicolon, and then a
+/// name with a comma after it.
+///
+/// A semicolon and nothing else. A full stop separates works in a note too,
+/// but it also separates the author from the title in every bibliography
+/// entry ever written — `Kahneman, Daniel. Thinking, Fast and Slow.` would
+/// come apart at the one place it must not.
+static ANOTHER_WORK: LazyLock<Regex> = LazyLock::new(|| {
+    Regex::new(
+        r#";\s+(?:(?i:see(?:\s+also)?|cf\.|and)\s+)?[\p{Lu}][\p{L}.'’\-]{1,24}(?:\s+[\p{Lu}][\p{L}.'’\-]{1,24}){0,3},\s+[\p{Lu}\*_"“‘]"#,
+    )
+    .expect("a valid pattern")
+});
+
+/// Cut one entry into the works it cites.
+///
+/// A note commonly cites two or three in a row, separated by semicolons —
+/// `Adorno, *Negative Dialectics* (London, 1973), 365; Alexander, "On the
+/// Social Construction of Moral Universals", 196`. They are distinct works
+/// and each deserves its own record. The note number is kept on all of them,
+/// because all of them are that note.
+fn divide(entry: Entry) -> Vec<Entry> {
+    let mut out = Vec::new();
+    let mut rest = entry.text.as_str();
+    while let Some(found) = ANOTHER_WORK.find(rest) {
+        // The separator belongs to neither side, and both sides have to be
+        // long enough to be a citation rather than an abbreviation.
+        let (before, after) = (
+            &rest[..found.start()],
+            rest[found.start() + 1..].trim_start(),
+        );
+        if before.chars().count() < MIN_WORK || after.chars().count() < MIN_WORK {
+            break;
+        }
+        out.push(before.trim().to_string());
+        rest = after;
     }
-    unnumbered(text)
+    if out.is_empty() {
+        return vec![entry];
+    }
+    out.push(rest.trim().to_string());
+    out.into_iter()
+        .filter(|text| !text.is_empty())
+        .map(|text| Entry {
+            text,
+            marker: entry.marker.clone(),
+        })
+        .collect()
 }
 
 /// Entries cut at their note numbers.
@@ -102,9 +163,11 @@ fn numbered_notes(text: &str) -> Vec<Entry> {
         return Vec::new();
     }
     // Whatever is in front of the first marker is the first note, when the
-    // marker it carried was one neither pattern knows. Dropping it would
-    // lose a reference silently, which is the one thing a cut must not do.
-    if starts[0] > 0 {
+    // marker it carried was one neither pattern knows — but only when it is
+    // about the length of a reference. A page of body text with its notes
+    // at the foot has a marker a long way in, and everything above it is the
+    // page, not a note that lost its number.
+    if (1..=HEAD_LIMIT).contains(&starts[0]) {
         starts.insert(0, 0);
     }
 

crates/citefind/tests/references.rs

@@ -171,6 +171,47 @@ fn a_reply_that_is_not_json_is_refused_rather_than_half_applied() {
     assert_eq!(found, before);
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn a_note_that_cites_two_works_gives_two_records() {
+    let found = read(
+        "12. Theodor W. Adorno, *Negative Dialectics*, trans. E. B. Ashton (London, 1973), 365; \
+         Jeffrey C. Alexander, \"On the Social Construction of Moral Universals,\" *Cultural Trauma* 5 (2002), 196.\n\
+         13. Smith, John. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.",
+    );
+    assert_eq!(found.len(), 3, "{found:#?}");
+    // Both halves of note 12 are note 12.
+    assert_eq!(
+        found
+            .iter()
+            .map(|one| one.marker.as_deref())
+            .collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+        [Some("12"), Some("12"), Some("13")]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(found[0].title.as_deref(), Some("Negative Dialectics"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        found[1].title.as_deref(),
+        Some("On the Social Construction of Moral Universals")
+    );
+    // The full stop between an author and a title is not a separator, or
+    // every bibliography entry ever written would come apart at it.
+    assert_eq!(found[2].title.as_deref(), Some("Thinking, Fast and Slow"));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn the_body_of_a_page_is_not_the_first_of_the_notes_at_its_foot() {
+    let page = format!(
+        "{}\n\n1. John MacGowan, *The Imperial History of China* (London: Curzon, 1897), p. 154.\n\
+         2. Johanna Bockman, *Markets in the Name of Socialism* (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 40.",
+        "The obligation ran both ways, and contemporaries said so plainly whenever they were asked. ".repeat(8)
+    );
+    let found = read(&page);
+    assert_eq!(found.len(), 2, "{found:#?}");
+    assert!(
+        found.iter().all(|one| !one.text.contains("obligation")),
+        "{found:#?}"
+    );
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn nothing_citation_shaped_gives_nothing() {
     assert!(read("Bibliography\n\nSee below.\n\n233\n").is_empty());