---
title: Emacs
author:
  - ohnoitsnoah
  - xwindows
  - keyboardan
category: software
---

Emacs in tilde.club
===================

[GNU Emacs](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/) is a text-editor that is very capable, but also can be confusing to new users, so here's a basic guide of working with GNU Emacs.

Opening Emacs
-------------

You can open GNU Emacs by typing `emacs` in the shell. This then opens GNU Emacs :D.

Basic Elements of the Screen/Terminology
----------------------------------------

![GNU Emacs running in a text-console](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Emacs-linux-console.png/960px-Emacs-linux-console.png)

When first starting GNU Emacs, there are a few elements of the screen that you should know:

### Point

Point is your (blinking) cursor position inside GNU Emacs, for editing within GNU Emacs.

### Buffer

A "Buffer" is basically a container that holds the contents of whatever file you're editing.

> "Buffers in Emacs editing are objects that have distinct names and hold text that can be edited."
>
> -[GNU Emacs 28.2 Manual](https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/html_node/emacs/index.html)

### Window

Unlike what Microsoft Windows and other common-place OS' consider "windows", a window in GNU Emacs is more like a window "pane", as where a buffer contains content, a *window* contains a buffer. You can switch the buffer of a window.

> "In Emacs terminology, a "window" is a container in which a buffer is displayed. This may be confusing at first; if so, think "pane" whenever you see "window" in an Emacs context until you get used to it."
>
> -[WikEmacs](https://wikemacs.org/wiki/Emacs_Terminology)

### Tab

A tab contains window(s). You may change your windows layout (by splitting windows, deleting windows, etc.). To make good use out of tabs, you would want to have multiple tabs, that you can switch into.

### Frame

A frame contains tab(s). A usage for frames is, for example, at work, to switch between having a place for your coding tabs, and another place for your -- much well deserved -- leisure&chatting tabs.

### Modeline

The Modeline is the strip of details towards the bottom in an instance of GNU Emacs. This shows the file/buffer name, file type, any active modes/extensions, line and column numbers, and more.

### Minibuffer

The Minibuffer is the small area under the Modeline. It acts as a prompt, telling you when you've hit the beginning/ending of a buffer, allowing you to type interactive commands, alerting with message, allowing you to insert input, and more.

### Menu Bar

The Menu Bar is the series of drop-down menus at the top of a GNU Emacs instance. It gives all the available commands in the current buffer, and shows their corresponding keybindings.

About Emacs Keybindings
-----------------------

GNU Emacs has some weird, wild command invocations, that may not make sense to new users. While this tutorial is also showing you how to use the drop-down menus, it's still good to know how to read command's keybindings, as using them is the more effective/productive route.

* `C-` means the Control/Ctrl key
* `M-` means the Meta key
	* While not common on modern hardware, the Meta key can be typed by either using, or by pressing-and-holding the Alt key, or by pressing-and-release the Escape/ESC key in some cases

Keybindings in GNU Emacs are typically longer than keybindings used outside of GNU Emacs, usually being a combination of what would be two "normal" keybindings. For example; to close GNU Emacs, you can type `C-x C-c`. That means you press both of these keybindings in series to complete the GNU Emacs functionality of closing GNU Emacs. It may sound weird, but is easy to adjust to after using it for a while.

Interactive Learning
--------------------

The best way to begin learning, is the interactive way. GNU Emacs has a built-in command that is specifically to learning the basic of GNU Emacs. To access it, you can press `C-h t`, or execute the GNU Emacs command named `help-with-tutorial` (pressing `M-x help-with-tutorial`).

To close the tutorial, use `C-x k` to kill the buffer.

Navigating Emacs with the Drop-Down Menus
-----------------------------------------

The way you access the drop-downs are by pressing the `F10` key, then using the arrow keys to navigate through the menus. You can press the `F10` key again to exit the menus, or the global "quit" command, `C-g`. As easy as these menus are, I recommend learning the commands by name, or slowly learning the keybindings as they make it faster and easier to navigate through GNU Emacs as a whole.

Most Common Emacs Keybindings
-----------------------------

Here are each of the most common commands, with the corresponding keybindings next to their respective section title.

### Switching Buffers (C-x b)

When you start GNU Emacs using `emacs` in the shell, you'll be greeted with a welcome screen, along with two other buffers titled `*scratch*` and `Messages`.
You can switch between these buffers by going to the Buffers drop-down and selecting which buffer to go to.

### Visiting a New File (C-x C-f)

To visit a new or existing file, simply go to the File menu and select "Visit New File". You may also select "Open file...", however this does the same thing as "Visit New File", just without the ability to create a new file.

### Save and Save As, a Buffer (C-x C-s, C-x C-w)

To save the current buffer, select "Save" from the File menu. If you need to save the buffer as something else, you can select "Save As", which is also in the File menu.

### Killing a Buffer (C-x k)

Whenever you are finished working on a file, and no longer need the buffer (in which the file is represented in), you can kill the current buffer by selecting "Close" from the File menu.

### Cut and Copy and Paste, Text (C-w, M-w, C-y)

Cut, Copy, and Paste are all available in the Edit menu.

In GNU Emacs, Cut is also known as Kill. Copy as Killring Save. Paste as Yank.

Emacs Major and Minor Modes
---------------------------

Major and minor modes alter GNU Emacs basic behaviour in useful ways.

A buffer can only have one major mode, which adds specialized features regarding a file type or regarding a non-file buffer (such as a shell buffer). Usually, the major mode is automatically set up, although you may change it as you wish. To return to the major mode automatically chosen by GNU Emacs, use `M-x normal-mode`.

Minor modes are optional features, which you can turn on or off. There can be any number of minor modes in effect, at any time. Some minor modes are only local to a buffer, while others are global and affect everything you do in a GNU Emacs instance (affects all buffers). It is common to invoke minor modes, that are inactive, using `M-x` and the name of the mode (a name which always ends in "-mode"). Use the TAB key, for helping with name auto-completion.

Emacs is Self-Documented
------------------------

GNU Emacs is a very big program, and to master it, it takes a lot of time. GNU Emacs is a Lisp environment, where you can *grow* a lot. Which makes learning GNU Emacs, a great investment of time; because with it, you can do basically everything related to text, and for a GNU Emacs user, the sky may be the limit :D .

But you don't need to know everything that GNU Emacs has to offer (is there anyone that does know?)... The most important thing to know, is how to seek for help. And GNU Emacs is there to help you.

To access the main help menu of GNU Emacs, you press `C-h C-h`. This will open a new buffer, where you can interact. In this buffer, there is, for example, " b  Show all keybindings" entry. This means that if you now press "b" it will show all the keybindings of your last buffer.

And now you know, if you are in any other buffer, to know all the keybindings quickly, you may press `C-h b` instead. Mind that this "b", after the `C-h`, has the same effect as pressing "b" in the `C-h C-h` main menu help. `C-h` in GNU Emacs, means exactly, I want help. Then follow it with a keystroke that say the type of help you want.

Common Help Keybindings
-----------------------

### C-h t (help-with-tutorial)

Select the GNU Emacs learn-by-doing tutorial.

### C-h k (describe-key)

Display documentation of the function invoked by a key sequence.

### C-h f (describe-function)

Display the full documentation of function.

### C-h v (describe-variable)

Display the full documentation of variable.

### C-h a (apropos-command)

Show commands that match a certain pattern.

### C-h m (describe-mode)

Display documentation of current major mode and minor modes.

#### C-h i (info)

Enter Info, the documentation browser. It shows a complete documentation, mostly, of your installed operating system's software.
